Nonimmigrant Visas
General Information on Nonimmigrant Benefits
Nonimmigrant Classifications and Visas
Government Information
Nonimmigrant Visas General Information on Nonimmigrant Benefits
Nonimmigrant Classifications and Visas Government Information
Foreign Government Officials
A-1 Ambassador, public minister, career, diplomatic or consular officer, and members of immediate family. INA Section 101(a)(15)(A)(i) 8 CFR 214.2(a)
A-2 Other foreign government official or employee, and members of immediate family. INA Section 101(a)(15)(A)(ii) 8 CFR 214.2(a)
A-3 Attendant, servant, or personal employee of A-1 and A-2, and members of immediate family. INA Section 101(a)(15)(A)(iii) 8 CFR 214.2(a)
Visitors Business or Pleasure Visitors
Tips for U.S. Visas - Business or Pleasure Visitors
B-1 Temporary visitor for business INA Section 101(a)(15)(B) 8 CFR 214.2(b)
B-2 Temporary visitor for pleasure INA Section 101(a)(15)(B) 8 CFR 214.2(b)
Visa Waiver Program Visa Waiver Program (Immigration.gov)
Visa Waiver Program (Dept. of State)
Aliens in Transit
C-1 Alien in transit directly through U.S. INA Section 101(a)(15)(C) 8 CFR 214.2(c)
C-1D Combined transit and crewman visa INA Section 101(a)(15)(C) & (D) 8 CFR 214.2(c)
C-2 Alien in transit to UN headquarters district under Section 11.(3), (4), or (5) of the Headquarters Agreement INA Section 101(a)(15)(C) 8 CFR 214.2(c)
C-3 Foreign government official, members of immediate family, attendant, servant, or personal employee, in transit INA Section 212(d)(8) 8 CFR 214.2(c)
C-4 Transit without Visa, see TWOV INA Sections 212(d)(3), and 212(d)(5) 8 CFR 212.1(f)
Monday, February 4, 2008
Monday, January 28, 2008
குறுந்தகவல் - 8
பீச் மணல்ல வீடு கட்டிவிளையாடினதோட அருமை,
ஃபிகரோட அண்ணன் வீடு கட்டி அடிக்கும் போதுதான் தெரியும்
கவிதை: தலை குனிந்து உன்னை படித்தேன். இன்று பலர் என்னை தலைநிமிர்ந்து பார்க்கச்செய்தாய் - "புத்தகம்"
காதல் என்பது call மாதிரி. வரும்போதே அட்டண்ட் பண்ணனும், இல்லைன்னா மிஸ்டு call ஆகிடும். நட்பு SMS மாதிரி. அட்டண்ட் பண்ணலைன்னாலும் inbox-ல இருக்கும்
கண்ணீரைத்துடைக்க உன்னைப்போல் நண்பன் இருந்தால், விஜய் படம் கூட தைரியமாய் பார்ப்பேன்.
உன்னோடு நான் பேசிய நாட்கள் போதும்
நம் இருவரும் இனி பார்க்கவே வேண்டாம்
நீ யாரோ, நான் யாரோ என்று பிரிந்து விடுவோம்
உனக்கும் எனக்கும் இனி எந்த உறவும் இல்லை
நான் உன்னுடன் இருந்த நாட்களை நீ மறந்து விடு
பை, இப்படிக்கு
உன் கவலைகளும், துன்பங்களும்.
இழப்பதற்கு ஒன்றுமில்லை
ஆனால் ஜெய்ப்பதற்கு உலகமே இருக்கிறது - கீதை.
ஃபிகரோட அண்ணன் வீடு கட்டி அடிக்கும் போதுதான் தெரியும்
கவிதை: தலை குனிந்து உன்னை படித்தேன். இன்று பலர் என்னை தலைநிமிர்ந்து பார்க்கச்செய்தாய் - "புத்தகம்"
காதல் என்பது call மாதிரி. வரும்போதே அட்டண்ட் பண்ணனும், இல்லைன்னா மிஸ்டு call ஆகிடும். நட்பு SMS மாதிரி. அட்டண்ட் பண்ணலைன்னாலும் inbox-ல இருக்கும்
கண்ணீரைத்துடைக்க உன்னைப்போல் நண்பன் இருந்தால், விஜய் படம் கூட தைரியமாய் பார்ப்பேன்.
உன்னோடு நான் பேசிய நாட்கள் போதும்
நம் இருவரும் இனி பார்க்கவே வேண்டாம்
நீ யாரோ, நான் யாரோ என்று பிரிந்து விடுவோம்
உனக்கும் எனக்கும் இனி எந்த உறவும் இல்லை
நான் உன்னுடன் இருந்த நாட்களை நீ மறந்து விடு
பை, இப்படிக்கு
உன் கவலைகளும், துன்பங்களும்.
இழப்பதற்கு ஒன்றுமில்லை
ஆனால் ஜெய்ப்பதற்கு உலகமே இருக்கிறது - கீதை.
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Friday, January 25, 2008
10 Tips for Effective E-mail
10 Tips for Effective E-mail
Think before you write. Just because you can send information faster than ever before, it doesn’t mean that you should send it. Analyze your readers to make certain that you are sending a message that will be both clear and useful.
Remember that you can always deny that you said it. But if you write it, you may be held accountable for many many moons. You may be surprised to find where your message may end up. (As an example of “What Not to Do” in Ellen Dowling’s Writing Strategies class?)
Keep your message concise. Remember that the view screen in most e-mail programs shows only approximately one half of a hard-copy page. Save longer messages and formal reports for attachments. On the other hand, do not keep your message so short that the reader has no idea what you’re talking about. Include at least a summary (action or information?) in the first paragraph of your message.
Remember that e-mail is not necessarily confidential. Some companies will retain the right to monitor employees’ messages. (Refer to #1 and #2, above.) Don’t send anything you wouldn’t be comfortable seeing published in your company’s newsletter (or your community’s newspaper).
Don’t attempt to “discipline” your readers. It’s unprofessional to lose control in person—to do so in writing usually just makes the situation worse.
Don’t “spam” your readers. Don’t send them unnecessary or frivolous messages. Soon, they’ll quit opening any message from you.
DON’T TYPE IN ALL CAPS! IT LOOKS LIKE YOU’RE YELLING AT THE READERS! Remember, if you emphasize everything, you will have emphasized nothing.
Don’t type in all lower case. If you violate the rules of English grammar and usage, you make it difficult for the reader to read.
Use the “Subject” line to get the readers’ attention. Replace vague lines (“Information on XYZ Project,” or “Status Report Q1”) with better “hooks”: “Need your input on Tralfamadore Project,” or “Analysis of recent problems with the new Veeblefetzer.”
Take the time to poof-read your document before you sent it. Rub the document thru the spell checker and/or the grammar checker. Even simple tips will make you look sloppie and damage you’re professional credibility.
Think before you write. Just because you can send information faster than ever before, it doesn’t mean that you should send it. Analyze your readers to make certain that you are sending a message that will be both clear and useful.
Remember that you can always deny that you said it. But if you write it, you may be held accountable for many many moons. You may be surprised to find where your message may end up. (As an example of “What Not to Do” in Ellen Dowling’s Writing Strategies class?)
Keep your message concise. Remember that the view screen in most e-mail programs shows only approximately one half of a hard-copy page. Save longer messages and formal reports for attachments. On the other hand, do not keep your message so short that the reader has no idea what you’re talking about. Include at least a summary (action or information?) in the first paragraph of your message.
Remember that e-mail is not necessarily confidential. Some companies will retain the right to monitor employees’ messages. (Refer to #1 and #2, above.) Don’t send anything you wouldn’t be comfortable seeing published in your company’s newsletter (or your community’s newspaper).
Don’t attempt to “discipline” your readers. It’s unprofessional to lose control in person—to do so in writing usually just makes the situation worse.
Don’t “spam” your readers. Don’t send them unnecessary or frivolous messages. Soon, they’ll quit opening any message from you.
DON’T TYPE IN ALL CAPS! IT LOOKS LIKE YOU’RE YELLING AT THE READERS! Remember, if you emphasize everything, you will have emphasized nothing.
Don’t type in all lower case. If you violate the rules of English grammar and usage, you make it difficult for the reader to read.
Use the “Subject” line to get the readers’ attention. Replace vague lines (“Information on XYZ Project,” or “Status Report Q1”) with better “hooks”: “Need your input on Tralfamadore Project,” or “Analysis of recent problems with the new Veeblefetzer.”
Take the time to poof-read your document before you sent it. Rub the document thru the spell checker and/or the grammar checker. Even simple tips will make you look sloppie and damage you’re professional credibility.
What is NAV?
What is NAV? How it affects your MF Investment
The NAV (Net Asset Value) of a mutual fund has not been correctly understood by a large section of the investing community.
This is quite evident from the fact that mutual funds had been recently collecting huge corpus in their New Fund Offers, or NFOs, whereas the collections in the existing schemes were negligible.
In fact, investors sold their existing investments and invested in NFOs. This switch makes no sense, unless the new fund has something different and better to offer.
Misconception about NAV
This situation arises from the perception that a fund at Rs 10 is cheaper than say Rs 15 or Rs 100. However, this perception is totally wrong and investors would be much better off once they appreciate this fact.
Two funds with same portfolio are same, no matter what their NAV is. NAV is immaterial.
Why people carry this perception is because they assume that the NAV of a MF is similar to the market price of an equity share. This, however, is not true.
Definition of NAV
Net Asset Value, or NAV, is the sum total of the market value of all the shares held in the portfolio including cash, less the liabilities, divided by the total number of units outstanding. Thus, NAV of a mutual fund unit is nothing but the 'book value.'
NAV vs Price of an equity share
In case of companies, the price of its share is 'as quoted on the stock exchange,' which apart from the fundamentals, is also dependent on the perception of the company's future performance and the demand-supply scenario. And hence the market price is generally different from its book value.
There is no concept as market value for the MF unit. Therefore, when we buy MF units at NAV, we are buying at book value. And since we are buying at book value, we are paying the right price of the assets whether it be Rs 10 or Rs.100. There is no such thing as a higher or lower price.
NAV and its impact on the returns
We feel that a MF with lower NAV will give better returns. This again is due to the wrong perception about NAV. An example will make it clear that returns are independent of the NAV.
Say, you have Rs 10,000 to invest. You have two options, wherein the funds are same as far as the portfolio is concerned. But say one Fund X has an NAV of Rs 10 and another Fund Y has NAV of Rs 50. You will get 1000 units of Fund X or 200 units of Fund Y.
After one year, both funds would have grown equally as their portfolio is same, say by 25%. Then NAV after one year would be Rs 12.50 for Fund X and Rs 62.50 for Fund Y. The value of your investment would be 1000*12.50 = Rs 12,500 for Fund X and 200*62.5 = Rs 12,500 for Fund Y. Thus your returns would be same irrespective of the NAV.
It is quality of fund, which would make a difference to your returns. In fact for equity shares also broadly this logic would apply.
An IT company share at, say, Rs 1,000 may give a better return than say a jute company share at Rs 50, since IT sector would show a much higher growth rate than jute industry (of course Rs 1000 may 'fundamentally' be over or under priced, which will not be the case with MF NAV).
The NAV (Net Asset Value) of a mutual fund has not been correctly understood by a large section of the investing community.
This is quite evident from the fact that mutual funds had been recently collecting huge corpus in their New Fund Offers, or NFOs, whereas the collections in the existing schemes were negligible.
In fact, investors sold their existing investments and invested in NFOs. This switch makes no sense, unless the new fund has something different and better to offer.
Misconception about NAV
This situation arises from the perception that a fund at Rs 10 is cheaper than say Rs 15 or Rs 100. However, this perception is totally wrong and investors would be much better off once they appreciate this fact.
Two funds with same portfolio are same, no matter what their NAV is. NAV is immaterial.
Why people carry this perception is because they assume that the NAV of a MF is similar to the market price of an equity share. This, however, is not true.
Definition of NAV
Net Asset Value, or NAV, is the sum total of the market value of all the shares held in the portfolio including cash, less the liabilities, divided by the total number of units outstanding. Thus, NAV of a mutual fund unit is nothing but the 'book value.'
NAV vs Price of an equity share
In case of companies, the price of its share is 'as quoted on the stock exchange,' which apart from the fundamentals, is also dependent on the perception of the company's future performance and the demand-supply scenario. And hence the market price is generally different from its book value.
There is no concept as market value for the MF unit. Therefore, when we buy MF units at NAV, we are buying at book value. And since we are buying at book value, we are paying the right price of the assets whether it be Rs 10 or Rs.100. There is no such thing as a higher or lower price.
NAV and its impact on the returns
We feel that a MF with lower NAV will give better returns. This again is due to the wrong perception about NAV. An example will make it clear that returns are independent of the NAV.
Say, you have Rs 10,000 to invest. You have two options, wherein the funds are same as far as the portfolio is concerned. But say one Fund X has an NAV of Rs 10 and another Fund Y has NAV of Rs 50. You will get 1000 units of Fund X or 200 units of Fund Y.
After one year, both funds would have grown equally as their portfolio is same, say by 25%. Then NAV after one year would be Rs 12.50 for Fund X and Rs 62.50 for Fund Y. The value of your investment would be 1000*12.50 = Rs 12,500 for Fund X and 200*62.5 = Rs 12,500 for Fund Y. Thus your returns would be same irrespective of the NAV.
It is quality of fund, which would make a difference to your returns. In fact for equity shares also broadly this logic would apply.
An IT company share at, say, Rs 1,000 may give a better return than say a jute company share at Rs 50, since IT sector would show a much higher growth rate than jute industry (of course Rs 1000 may 'fundamentally' be over or under priced, which will not be the case with MF NAV).
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